{"id":3596,"date":"2014-05-03T05:58:28","date_gmt":"2014-05-03T05:58:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp3\/?p=3596"},"modified":"2014-05-03T05:58:28","modified_gmt":"2014-05-03T05:58:28","slug":"history-of-medicine-in-the-islamic-civilization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sunnionline.us\/english\/2014\/05\/03\/3596\/","title":{"rendered":"History of Medicine in the Islamic Civilization"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"images\/stories\/news3\/medicine in the islami.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"\" align=\"right\" \/>For early Muslims, knowledge was a treasure they would eagerly seek. Medical science and pharmacy were no exceptions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Muslim physicians\u2019 early practice emphasized the importance of preserving health through natural gentle interventions. The Hippocratic philosophy of \u2018Premium non nocera\u2019 (first don&#8217;t harm) was a well kept notion in their minds as it reflected the teaching of their religion. Prophet Muhammad\u2019s words, \u201cYour body has rights over you\u201d (agreed upon &#8211; \u1e62a\u1e25\u012b\u1e25 al-Bukh\u0101r\u012b) paved their way to amazing advancement in the medical, pharmaceutical, and health fields.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Studying history, we can see that medicine within the Islamic civilization passed through three main stages (Abouleish, n.d.). The first stage started in the early 7th century by collecting and translating the medical knowledge of the Greeks, Persians, Assyrian Syriacs, Indians and Byzantines. (Nagamia, 1998)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Soon enough, Muslim physicians started to elaborate on the collected body of knowledge and largely expanded it through experience, exploration, experimentations, testing, and practice. This was during the Golden Age of the Islamic civilization that brought the original contributions of Muslim physicians in the medical, pharmaceutical, herbal, nutritional and botanical fields. This second stage extended during the ninth through thirteenth centuries. During the last stage, however, decline occurred which reflected the stagnation and gradual deterioration of the whole Islamic nation.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">During the second stage, many physicians, Arabs as well as non-Arabs, contributed to the flourishing of the medicine. Physicians like Al-Razi, or Razes (841 \u2013 926 AD), and Ibn-Sina, known as Avicenna (980 \u2013 1037 AD) were pioneers in the medical fields. Their books and teachings were used as bases for medical study in Europe for centuries to come.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Al-Razi\u2019s fame started with the establishment of a hospital in Baghdad in the 9th century which included a special ward for mental illness. He also pioneered in holistic and spiritual medicine, advocating healing and caring for the whole patient. This idea was well reflected in his book \u2018Al-Tibb al-Rawhani\u2019 (Spiritual Medicine) where he emphasized the importance of heart purification and ethical and virtuous conducts in achieving total healing.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In his famous book, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Law in Medicine), Ibn-Sina laid the foundation of medical practice, compiled a complete Materia Medica, described diseases and malfunctions\u00a0 and gave a full formulary of remedies, suggestions and recipes for treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Balancing Body<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As early as the 10th century, Muslim physicians were treating eye diseases and even performing cataract surgery. Al-Mawsili, an Iraqi ophthalmologist and physician, designed a special needle to remove cataract by suction. And, an amazingly complete text book on eye disease \u2018Notebook of the Oculist\u2019 was written by Ali Ibn Isa also in the 10th century Baghdad. On Ibn Isa\u2019s valuable reference was based the European knowledge of modern ophthalmology. (Al-Hassani, 2006)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ibn al-Nafis, the Syrian Muslim scholar, described in a treatise written in 1210 AC the role of the heart and lung in blood purification and elaborated on Ibn-Sina\u2019s description of the pulmonary circulation. Ibn al-Nafis accurately described the anatomical structure of heart chambers and the fine structure of the circulatory system hundreds of years before Western discoveries.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Early Muslims also laid the foundation of modern day pharmacology through the early work of Sabur ibn Sahl, Al-Razi and Ibn-Sina in the early 9th century. Later on, in the 11th century, Al-Biruni wrote his famous master piece \u2018The Book of Pharmacology\u2019 compiling an amazing work on drugs and remedies. Al-Zahrawi\u2019s writings \u2018Al-Tasrif\u2019 (Dispensing) further taught methods of drug preparations and formulation starting from simple remedies all the way to complex compounding. (Al-Hassani, 2006)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The principal concepts embodying medicine as practiced during this period were based on the essential meaning of balance. They presented the physician\u2019s role as one of in balancing and harmonizing overall bodily functions while restoring health and healing on the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual planes.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Physical ailments were thought to arise mainly as a result of accumulation of excess waste substance in the body. Overeating, improper food choice and other unhealthy habits were regarded as the source of the accumulated morbid matter, and a disease\u2019s symptoms appears when the digestive process becomes overwhelmed. (Al-Jauziyah, 2003)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">More importantly, however, it was the fundamental belief of a Muslim physician that the physical body should never be the sole interest of the physician. It is the Ruh, or soul, which gives this body its vitality and true essence. (Nagamia, 1998) It was thus essential for a Muslim physician to be well aware of the diseases of the heart and soul and how to treat them along with managing physical symptoms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Mixed Approach<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">During the third stage of this thriving medical history within the Islamic world, and around the fourteenth century, a new type of medical writing emerged. The authors were religious scholars, rather than physicians. Their aim was to preserve the wealth of knowledge and heritage compiled and practiced by Muslims over the years from fading away before the rapidly rising Western society. (National Library of Medicine, 1998)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Their writings all carried the same title: Al-Tibb Al-Nabawi (Prophetic Medicine) and was intended as an alternative to the Greek-based medical science. Most famous among them were the writings of Al-Jauziyah, As-Suyuti, and Az-Zahabi which are considered as the base for what is today referred to as \u2018Islamic Medicine.\u2019<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Al-Jauziyah\u2019s recommendations for approaching the patient reflected the preserved notion of balance and holistic approach taught by early Muslim physicians. He advised physicians to investigate all areas of their patient\u2019s life, research the real cause behind the disease, examine the patient\u2019s feelings, mood and life style and consider dietary options before resorting to drugs. (Al Jauziyah, 2003)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The physicians were knowledgeable about the \u2018sickness of the heart and soul\u2019 and took great care when approaching them in a professional yet caring manner. They realized the effects of stress, emotions and mental state, and used positive affirmations from Qur\u2019an and Prophetic Sunnah to increase hope and strengthen the will for healing.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Moral values, love, courage, patience, kindness, and altruism were prescribed as the best remedies for the inner self, and prayer was practiced for maintaining the connection with God, preserving the health of the body and soul, strengthening faith, bringing happiness and energizing the body against acute ailments. (Ayad, 2008)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The six primary channels that should be balanced to avoid contacting diseases, as stated by As-Suyuti, further reflected the wisdom of early Muslim knowledge. He emphasized the importance of the quality of air we breathe, food and drink we consume, physical exercise and movements, our emotional state and feelings, our sleep and waking cycles, and our body\u2019s ability to excrete toxins, get rid of accumulated morbid matter and retain valuable nutrients.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201cWhenever it is possible to use gentle remedy, do not use something powerful instead,\u201d he wrote, advising a physician to be \u201cgentle in his speech, kind in his words and close to God.\u201d (As-Suyuti, 2009)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Az-Zahabi, on his side, recommended using only medicines that are similar or related to regular food and that contained no noxious or harmful substances. (Az-Zahabi, 2004)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Starting from the beginnings of the seventeenth century, Islamic Medicine was challenged by rapidly spreading science of conventional modern medicine, which eventually replaced the core of the health care systems in most of the Islamic countries (Nagamia, 1998).<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Contemporary practice of Islamic Medicine is restricted to India, Pakistan and Bangladesh where one can find established medical schools teaching this type of medicine, certified and supervised by the Indian Medical Council. (Nagamia, 1998) And while these schools do teach such medical approach while being highly influenced by the teachings of the old Greek practice, it is also common to find conventional physicians in Middle Eastern countries and Malaysia giving medical advice and some treatment while making use of the Islamic approach. Some believe that this mixing of the old and the new, the eastern and the western, makes their patients benefit from \u2018the best of both worlds.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Abouleish, E. (n.d). Contributions of Islam to medicine. In S. Athar (Ed.), Islamic medicine. Retrieved May 16, 2007.<\/em><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Al Jauziyah, I. Healing with the medicine of the Prophet (2nd ed.) (J. Abual Rub, Trans.). KSA: Darussalam. 2003.<\/em><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Al-Hassani, S. (Editor). 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World. UK: Foundation for Science Technology and civilization. 2006.<\/em><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>As-Suyuti, J, A. Medicine of the Prophet [Ahmed Thomson, translator]. UK: Ta-Ha publishers. 2009.<\/em><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Ayad, A.. Healing Body &amp; Soul. KSA: IIPH. 2008.<\/em><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Az-Zahabi, S. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a [Prophetic medicine]. (M.A. Al-Merashly, Ed.). Lebanon: Dar An-nafaes. 2004.<\/em><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>Nagamia, H. F. (October 1, 1998). Islamic medicine: History and current practice. Retrieved May 16, 2007.<\/em><\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><em>National Library of Medicine. Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: Prophetic Medicine. Retrieved June 6, 2007. April 5, 1998.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Source:<\/span> <em><strong>OnIslam<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For early Muslims, knowledge was a treasure they would eagerly seek. Medical science and pharmacy were no exceptions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c71-introduction-to-islam-muslims"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>History of Medicine in the Islamic Civilization - SunniOnline<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sunnionline.us\/english\/2014\/05\/03\/3596\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"History of Medicine in the Islamic Civilization - SunniOnline\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"For early Muslims, knowledge was a treasure they would eagerly seek. 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