After bloody race riots rocked China\u2019s far west a decade ago, the ruling Communist Party turned to a rare figure in their ranks to restore order: a Han Chinese official fluent in Uighur, the language of the local Turkic Muslim minority.
Now, newly revealed, confidential documents show that the official, Zhu Hailun, played a key role in planning and executing a campaign that has swept up a million or more Uighurs into detention camps.
Published in 2017, the documents were signed by Zhu, as then-head of the powerful Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Communist Party in the Xinjiang region. A Uighur linguist recognized Zhu\u2019s signature scrawled atop some of the documents from his time working as a translator in Kashgar, when Zhu was the city\u2019s top official.
\u201cWhen I saw them, I knew they were important,\u201d said the linguist, Abduweli Ayup, who now lives in exile. \u201cHe\u2019s a guy who wants to control power in his hands. Everything.\u201d
Zhu, 61, did not respond to repeated requests for comment.
Long before the crackdown and despite his intimate familiarity with local culture, Zhu was more hated than loved among the Uighurs he ruled.
He was born in 1958 in rural Jiangsu on China\u2019s coast. In his teens, during China\u2019s tumultuous Cultural Revolution, Zhu was sent to Kargilik county, deep in the Uighur heartland in Xinjiang. He never left.
Zhu joined the party in 1980 and moved up Xinjiang\u2019s bureaucracy, helming hotspot cities. By the \u201990s, he was so fluent in Uighur that he corrected his own translators during meetings.
\u201cIf you didn\u2019t see him, you\u2019d never imagine he\u2019s Han Chinese. When he spoke Uighur, he really spoke just like a Uighur, since he grew up with them,\u201d said a Uighur businessman living in exile in Turkey, who declined to be named out of fear of retribution.
The businessman first heard of Zhu from a Uighur friend who dealt with the official while doing business. His friend was impressed, describing Zhu as \u201cvery capable\u201d \u2014 a Han Chinese bureaucrat the Uighurs could work with. But after years of observing Zhu oversee crackdowns and arrests, the businessman soon came to a different conclusion.
\u201cHe\u2019s a crafty fox. The really cunning sort, the kind that plays with your brain,\u201d he said. \u201cHe was a key character for the Communist Party\u2019s policies to control Southern Xinjiang.\u201d
Ayup, the linguist, met Zhu in 1998, when he came to inspect his township. He was notorious for ordering 3 a.m. raids of Uighur homes, and farmers would sing a popular folk song called \u2018Zhu Hailun is coming\u2019 to poke fun at his hard and unyielding nature.
\u201cHe gave orders like farmers were soldiers. All of us were his soldiers,\u201d Ayup said. \u201cHan Chinese controlled our homeland. We knew we needed to stay in our place.\u201d
Once, at a meeting, Ayup said, Zhu complained to town officials that farmers upset over orders to grow certain crops were secretly supporting extremism. He suddenly interrupted to call the Quran, Islam\u2019s holy book, \u201ccomplete and utter nonsense.\u201d
\u201cYour \u2018God\u2019 is total rubbish,\u201d Zhu said, to shocked silence.
Ayup said Zhu compared traditional Uighur culture to Afghanistan, saying it needed to modernize.
\u201cHe saw himself as a savior,\u201d Ayup said. \u201cHe thought he came here to bring modernity, modern life, modern ideology to Uighurs.\u201d
Months after a July 5, 2009 riot left hundreds dead in the region\u2019s capital of Urumqi, Zhu was tapped to replace the city\u2019s chief. Beijing almost always flew in officials from other provinces for the job, in part as training for higher posts. But central officials on a fact-finding mission in Urumqi concluded that Zhu, seen as tougher than his predecessor, needed to take charge.
\u201cThey were super unhappy,\u201d said a Uighur former cadre who declined to be named out of fear of retribution. \u201cIt had never happened before, but because locals said he was outstanding at maintaining stability, he was snatched up and installed as Urumqi Party Secretary.\u201d
Upon appointment, Zhu spent three days holed up in the city\u2019s police command, vowing to tighten the government\u2019s grip. Police swept through Uighur neighborhoods, brandishing rifles and rounding up hundreds for trial. Tens of thousands of surveillance cameras were installed.
But instead of healing ethnic divisions, the crackdown hardened them. Matters came to a head in April 2014, when Chinese President Xi Jinping came to Xinjiang on a state visit. Just hours after his departure, bombs tore through an Urumqi train station, killing three and injuring 79.
Xi vowed to clamp down even harder.
In 2016, Beijing appointed a new leader for Xinjiang \u2014 Chen Quanguo. Chen, whose first name means \u201cwhole country\u201d, had built a reputation as a hard-hitting official who pioneered digital surveillance tactics in Tibet.
Zhu was his right-hand man. Appointed head of the region\u2019s security and legal apparatus, Zhu laid the groundwork for an all-seeing state surveillance system that could automatically identify targets for arrest. He crisscrossed the region to inspect internment centers, police stations, checkpoints and other components of an emerging surveillance and detention apparatus.
After Chen\u2019s arrival, Uighurs began disappearing by the thousands. The leaked documents show that Zhu directed mass arrests, signing off on notices ordering police to use digital surveillance to investigate people for having visited foreign countries, using certain mobile applications, or being related to \u201csuspicious persons\u201d. State television shows that Zhu continued on his relentless tour of Xinjiang\u2019s camps, checkpoints, and police stations, personally guiding the mass detention campaign.
Zhu stepped down last year after turning 60, in line with traditional practice for Communist Party cadres of Zhu\u2019s rank. Chen remains in his post.
\u201cChen Quanguo came in the name of the Party,\u201d said the Uighur businessman. \u201cZhu knows how to implement, who to capture, what to do.\u201d
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