{"id":11713,"date":"2021-01-02T07:53:59","date_gmt":"2021-01-02T07:53:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sunnionline.us\/english\/?p=11713"},"modified":"2021-01-02T07:54:00","modified_gmt":"2021-01-02T07:54:00","slug":"principles-of-hadith-verification-and-acceptance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/sunnionline.us\/english\/2021\/01\/02\/11713\/","title":{"rendered":"Principles of Hadith Verification and Acceptance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Based on Shaykh Mufti Taqi Usmani\u2019s notes in the introduction to Dars Tirmidhi (1\/80-86), compiled by Waqar Gulam Dastaguir (student of Jami\u2019ah Uloom al-Qur\u2019an, Leicester) and checked & edited by Mufti Muhammad ibn Adam
The science of hadith deals with both the narrating (riwaya) and deep comprehension (diraya) of Prophetic statements. In the section of deep comprehension, it further divides into fiqh al-hadith (understanding the text of the hadith) and mustalah al-hadith (classification of the hadiths). In this last branch of mustalah al-hadith, hadiths are classed into various categories depending on the chain of narration, the context of the hadith, who narrated it, the number of people narrating it, among other things. One classification is regarding the authenticity (sihha) of hadiths. There are three main categories in this classification:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. Sahih \u2013 the rigorously authenticated hadith<\/li>
  2. Hasan \u2013 the sound hadith<\/li>
  3. Da\u2019if \u2013 the weak hadith
    In order to classify hadiths into these three categories, hadith scholars (muhaddithun) have gone to great lengths, researching every single narrator and chain of narration. This led them to the declaration of a hadith being sahih, hasan or da\u2019if. The act of declaring a hadith as sahih is known as tashih. For the latter two, the words tahsin and tad\u2019if are used.
    Due to the intricate nature of this science, this classification, of course, requires the one dealing with it to be a master in the science of hadith. It requires him to know the details of the narrators, the different classifications and, of course, to be acquainted with hundreds of thousands of hadiths. Scholars who dealt with these classifications were experts. They spent tens of years training to understand this science, let alone applying it. Then they spent more years in the company of others who too were experts in this science. Then they spent even more years researching and writing in this field themselves. They sacrificed their time and lives in their quest. Some of the luminaries who excelled in this science include: Imam Nawawi, Hafiz Dhahabi, Hafiz Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Imam Yahya ibn Ma\u2019in, Imam Ali ibn al-Madini and Hafiz Iraqi (Allah have mercy on them all).
    In this article, we wish to highlight certain principles of classifying and declaring hadiths as sahih and da\u2019if, for overlooking them can lead one to think that certain hadiths were wrongly classed by earlier scholars. However, before explaining these principles, it is vital to know what exactly a sahih and da\u2019if hadith is. For a hadith to be classed as sahih, it needs to meet five conditions:
    1) The chain of narration, from the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him & give him peace) to the final narrator, must be connected (muttasil) in such a way that every single person in the chain has himself heard or received this narration from the person he is narrating from.
    2) All the narrators in the chain must be upright (\u2018adil) \u2013 meaning that they must be:
    a) Muslim
    b) Of the age of puberty (baligh)
    c) Sane (\u2018aqil)
    d) Not an open sinner (salim min al-fisq)
    e) Free from bad habits (salim min khawarim al-muru\u2019ah)
    3) All the narrators must possess the ability to preserve the hadith precisely (dabt).
    4) The hadith should not contradict other hadiths which have come from more reliable narrators (\u2018adam al-Shudhudh).
    5) There are no other hidden weaknesses (\u2018adam al-illah al-Qadiha) \u2013 such as a hidden gap in the chain of narration.
    Upon the absence of any one of the above five conditions, the hadith immediately is classed as da\u2019if. But if all of the conditions are met, with the third (preservation) being of a lower degree, then it is classed as hasan. Now that we have understood the definitions of the three classifications, it will be easier to understand the principles given by Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani. The principles themselves are detailed very lengthily in the Urdu language. However they have been simplified here so they may be understood by those who are not too familiar with the hadith sciences. They are seven as follows:<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Principle 1 \u2013 What is a sahih hadith?
    <\/strong>A hadith is classed as sahih if it meets the above five conditions, as outlined. Some erroneously think that only the hadiths in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim (known together as the Sahihayn) are sahih, or that all sahih hadiths have been covered in them. The authenticity of a hadith is not based on which book it is in, rather on the fulfilment of the above five conditions. Imam Bukhari himself mentions that his book does not cover all the sahih hadiths. In fact, some hadiths in other books are more authentic than some of those found in the sahihayn \u2013 several are in the Sunan of Imam ibn Majah. Imam Bukhari\u2019s work is called \u201cthe most authentic book after the Book of Allah\u201d in an overall sense; it does not mean every single hadith found inside it is above every single hadith found in other books.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Principle 2 \u2013 Who is authorised to declare hadiths as sahih and\/or da\u2019if?
    <\/strong>Declaring a hadith to be sahih (tashih) or da\u2019if (tad\u2019if) is an intricate task which requires deep understanding and a profound knowledge of the science of hadith. Only the elite (mujtahidun) are able to do this. Imam Ibn al-Salah mentions in his book Ulum al-Hadith (more commonly known as Muqaddima ibn al-Salah) that since the turn of the fifth hijri century, scholars can no longer be deemed qualified to declare a particular hadith as sahih or da\u2019if if a classification has already been given regarding it (which will be in most cases). However, the mainstream scholars are of the opinion that the ability to qualify a hadith does not depend on the era of a muhaddith; rather it depends on his knowledge. This is a more accepted approach since the scholars who took on this task later on were the ones most famous for it. They include Hafiz Dhahabi, Hafiz Ibn Hajar, Allama Ayni, Hafiz Sakhawi, Hafiz Zayla\u2019i, Hafiz Iraqi amongst many others. Imam Anwar Shah al-Kashmiri, who passed away less than a century ago (1933), was also considered to be at this level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Principle 3 \u2013 Scholars can disagree about the authenticity of a particular hadith
    <\/strong>Since classifying hadiths is based on the independent research of each scholar, sometimes we find mixed opinions of expert scholars (mujtahids) regarding the authenticity of a particular narrator or hadith. It is a matter of ijtihad; hence no scholar can be condemned or rebuked for his position. Moreover, when an expert Imam (mujtahid) uses a particular hadith as proof for a ruling, it shows that he believes it to be worthy enough to be used as a proof. It would be wrong, in such an instance, to present the opinion of another expert scholar and say that the hadith is not worthy of being used as a proof, since both are experts (mujtahids). Remember that when a scholar says that this hadith is sahih or da\u2019if, it is not a factual statement; it is merely his personal opinion based on his research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Principle 4 \u2013 A sahih hadith may be considered da\u2019if in later times
    <\/strong>At times, it is possible that an earlier scholar \u2013 like Imam Abu Hanifa \u2013 finds a particular hadith to be completely authentic when it reaches him through the Companions (sahaba) and those succeeding them (tabi\u2019un). However, a weakness in the chain of narration could have appeared as it progresses past this Imam. In such an instance, it would be wrong to accuse the earlier Imam of using a weak hadith if it was perceivably sahih in his time but da\u2019if later on. Therefore, a hadith which was regarded as da\u2019if in Imam Bukhari\u2019s time, for example, was not necessarily as such at the time of the earlier scholars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Principle 5 \u2013 How authentic is a sahih hadith, and do we leave da\u2019if hadiths altogether?
    <\/strong>Imam ibn al-Salah, the renowned hadith expert, states in his Muqaddima that just because a hadith is given the status of being sahih, it does not necessitate that in actual fact it is undeniably sahih. It merely means that from a technical aspect in terms of fulfilling the five conditions, the hadith is sahih and therefore it is most likely that it will be sahih in actual terms as well. However, there remains a possibility that even a hadith considered as sahih may not actually be as such, since a reliable narrator (known as thiqa) can also make a mistake. But this \u201cpossibility\u201d is not given any credit unless there are indications and strong proofs elsewhere (such as the hadith opposing a clear Qur\u2019anic verse or other more authentic hadiths) suggesting that a mistake may have been made by a narrator of this sahih hadith. If such strong proofs are found, it is perfectly acceptable to not act upon this sahih hadith.
    Likewise, just because a hadith has been given the status of being da\u2019if, it does not necessitate that in actual fact it is undeniably incorrect. It merely means that from a technical aspect the hadith is da\u2019if and therefore it is most likely that it will be da\u2019if in actual terms as well. However, there remains a possibility that a non-authentic narrator has narrated the hadith correctly; nobody is wrong every time. But just like with the sahih hadith, it is necessary to have strong indications and proofs to suggest that this hadith is acceptable. If such strong proofs are found, it is perfectly acceptable to act upon this da\u2019if hadith.
    Based on this, if a mujtahid Imam \u2013 due to other strong proofs \u2013 chooses not to act upon a hadith technically considered as sahih, or chooses to act upon a hadith technically considered as da\u2019if, he cannot be accused of \u201cleaving the sunnah\u201d or as \u201cone who acts upon weak narrations.\u201d
    Imam Tirmidhi, one of the six authors of the widely taught six hadith collections, mentions in his Sunan that he has included two hadiths in his book which are sahih, yet no one has acted upon them. The scholars have reached a consensus on leaving both, despite their being sahih, due to other strong proofs \u2013 but no one was accused of \u201cleaving the sunnah.\u201d There is also a da\u2019if hadith found in the same collection which is acted upon and accepted by many scholars due to other strong proofs, such as Imam Malik, Imam Shafi\u2019i, Imam Ahmad and Imam Awza\u2019i \u2013 but no one was accused of \u201cacting upon a weak narration.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Principle 6 \u2013 A da\u2019if hadith is accepted if supported by the actions of the Sahaba and Tabi\u2019un
    <\/strong>Many hadith experts and scholars of principles of Islamic jurisprudence (usul) assert that if a hadith is da\u2019if in its chain of narration, but the ruling given in it was acted upon by the Companions (sahaba) and those who followed them (tabi\u2019un), it can be used as a proof, despite being da\u2019if. An example of this is the ruling of a slave girl\u2019s divorce and waiting period. In a da\u2019if hadith it is narrated to be two divorces and two menstrual cycles. In spite of it being da\u2019if, this was still found to be the common understanding of the sahaba and tabi\u2019un. This is the very same principle which Imam Abu Hanifa uses in many of his rulings. He accepts certain narrations technically considered as da\u2019if today, yet the sahaba acknowledged their correctness through their actions.
    Furthermore, a sound (hasan) hadith can be used to derive rulings just like sahih hadiths. So it\u2019s important to know that a da\u2019if narration may be elevated to the level of a sound (hasan) hadith if there are several chains of narration for it. This type of sound (hasan) hadith is known as hasan li ghayrihi (meaning \u201csound due to the support of other narrations\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Principle 7 \u2013 What happens if two authentic hadiths contradict each other in their context?
    <\/strong>In the instance of authentic and acceptable hadiths contradicting each other, some jurists (fuqaha) and hadith experts (muhaddithun) compare the chains of both and act upon the one considered as more authentic. Others like Imam Abu Hanifa, however, do not always prefer the one which has the more authentic chain of narration; instead they select the one which conforms to the Qur\u2019an and general spirit of Shari\u2019ah the most, regardless if it has a less authentic chain. Though this decision may seem \u201ceccentric\u201d to some, it is in fact more likely to be the correct one since you are making a decision based on what the boundaries of Shari\u2019ah dictate. Just having a stronger chain of narration does not necessitate a hadith\u2019s superiority; it is much more than that.
    This is one of the reasons why it is not recommended for people who do not possess the mastery of the hadith sciences to take up a position where they devise their own rulings based on what they understand from the hadiths they read. More than often, they will find many contradictions in the hadith collections. This will lead them to unnecessary confusion, strife, conflict with others, and worst of all, the separation and disunity of the Ummah. By keeping the above broad principles of \u201chadith verification and acceptability\u201d in mind, much of the objection levied against earlier mujtahid Imams would no longer remain. And Allah knows best.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Based on Shaykh Mufti Taqi Usmani\u2019s notes in the introduction to Dars Tirmidhi (1\/80-86)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-c95-al-hadith"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPrinciples of Hadith Verification and Acceptance - SunniOnline<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/sunnionline.us\/english\/2021\/01\/02\/11713\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Principles of Hadith Verification and Acceptance - SunniOnline\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Based on Shaykh Mufti Taqi Usmani\u2019s notes in the introduction to Dars Tirmidhi (1\/80-86)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/sunnionline.us\/english\/2021\/01\/02\/11713\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"SunniOnline\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-02T07:53:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-01-02T07:54:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/sunnionline.us\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Hadith.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"960\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Office\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Office\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/02\\\/11713\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/02\\\/11713\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Office\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/acfb97be06cf23dce9cff649a67e6a1a\"},\"headline\":\"Principles of Hadith Verification and Acceptance\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-02T07:53:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-02T07:54:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/02\\\/11713\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2250,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/02\\\/11713\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/Hadith.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Al-Hadith\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/02\\\/11713\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/02\\\/11713\\\/\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/sunnionline.us\\\/english\\\/2021\\\/01\\\/02\\\/11713\\\/\",\"name\":\"Principles of Hadith Verification and Acceptance - 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